Part Of Speech

In the English language, words can be considered as the smallest elements that have distinctive meanings. Based on their use and functions, words are categorized into several types or parts of speech. This article will offer definitions and examples for the 8 major parts of speech in English grammar : noun, pronoun, verb, adverb, adjective,conjunction, preposition, and interjection.

1.      Noun

This part of a speech refers to words that are used to name persons, things, animals, places, ideas, or events. Nouns are the simplest among the 8 parts of speech, which is why they are the first ones taught to students in primary school.

Examples:

    Tom Hanks is very versatile.                                                                                                            

The italicized noun refers to a name of a person.

    Dogs can be extremely cute.                                                                                                             

 In this example, the italicized word is considered a noun because it names an animal.

    It is my birthday.                                                                                                                                

The word “birthday” is a noun which refers to an event.

There are different types of nouns namely:

    Proper– proper nouns always start with a capital letter and refers to specific names of persons, places, or things.                                                                                                               

Examples: Volkswagen Beetle, Shakey’s Pizza, Game of Thrones

    Common– common nouns are the opposite of proper nouns. These are just generic names of persons, things, or places.                                                                                                 

Examples: car, pizza parlor, TV series

    Concrete– this kind refers to nouns which you can perceive through your five senses. Examples: folder, sand, board

    Abstract- unlike concrete nouns, abstract nouns are those which you can’t perceive through your five senses.                                                                                                               

Examples: happiness, grudge, bravery

    Count– it refers to anything that is countable, and has a singular and plural form.        

Examples:  kitten, video, ball

    Mass– this is the opposite of count nouns. Mass nouns are also called non-countable nouns, and they need to have “counters” to quantify them.                                                        

Examples of Counters: kilo, cup, meter                                                                                   

Examples of Mass Nouns: rice, flour, garter

    Collective– refers to a group of persons, animals, or things.                                             

Example: faculty (group of teachers), class (group of students), pride (group of lions)            

This great list of nouns can help you explore more nouns.

2.      Pronoun

A pronoun is a part of a speech which functions as a replacement for a noun. Some examples of pronouns are: I, it, he, she, mine, his, hers, we, they, theirs, and ours.

Sample Sentences:

    Janice is a very stubborn child. She just stared at me and when I told her to stop.

    The largest slice is mine.

    We are number one.

The italicized words in the sentences above are the pronouns in the sentence.

3.      Adjective

This part of  a speech is used to describe a noun or a pronoun. Adjectives can specify the quality, the size, and the number of nouns or pronouns.

Use this link to get a list of adjectives.

Sample Sentences:

    The carvings are intricate.                                                                                                                 

    The italicized word describes the appearance of the noun “carvings.”

    I have two hamsters.                                                                                                                          

    The italicized word “two,” is an adjective which describes the number of the noun “hamsters.”

    Wow! That doughnut is huge!                                                                                                            

    The italicized word is an adjective which describes the size of the noun “doughnut.”

4.      Verb

This is the most important part of a speech, for without a verb, a sentence would not exist. Simply put, this is a word that shows an action (physical or mental) or state of being of the subject in a sentence.

Examples of “State of Being Verbs” : am, is, was, are, and were

Sample Sentences:

     As usual, the Stormtroopers missed their shot.                                                                           

     The italicized word expresses the action of the subject “Stormtroopers.”

     They are always prepared in emergencies.                                                                                 

     The verb “are” refers to the state of being of the pronoun “they,” which is the subject in the sentence.

5.      Adverb

Just like adjectives, adverbs are also used to describe words, but the difference is that adverbs describe adjectives, verbs, or another adverb.

The different types of adverbs are:

     Adverb of Manner– this refers to how something happens or how an action is done.           

     Example: Annie danced gracefully.                                                                                            

     The word “gracefully” tells how Annie danced.

    Adverb of Time- this states “when” something happens or “when” it is done.                              

    Example: She came yesterday.                                                                                                    

    The italicized word tells when she “came.”

    Adverb of Place– this tells something about “where” something happens or ”where” something is       done.                                                                                                                    

    Example:  Of course, I looked everywhere!                                                                                

    The adverb “everywhere” tells where I “looked.”

    Adverb of Degree– this states the intensity or the degree to which a specific thing happens or is done.                                                                                                                              

    Example: The child is very talented.                                                                                         

    The italicized adverb answers the question, “To what degree is the child talented?”

6.      Preposition

This part of a speech basically refers to words that specify location or a location in time.

Examples of Prepositions: above, below, throughout, outside, before, near, and since

Sample Sentences:

     Micah is hiding under the bed.                                                                                                   

     The italicized preposition introduces the prepositional phrase “under the bed,” and tells where Micah is   hiding.

    During the game, the audience never stopped cheering for their team.

    The italicized preposition introduces the prepositional phrase “during the game,” and tells when the audience cheered.

7.      Conjunction

The conjunction is a part of a speech which joins words, phrases, or clauses together.

Examples of Conjunctions:  and, yet, but, for, nor, or, and so

Sample Sentences:

     This cup of tea is delicious and very soothing.

     Kiyoko has to start all over again because she didn’t follow the professor’s instructions.

     Homer always wanted to join the play, but he didn’t have the guts to audition.

The italicized words in the sentences above are some examples of conjunctions.

8.      Interjection

This part of a speech refers to words which express emotions. Since interjections are commonly used to convey strong emotions, they are usually followed by an exclamation point.

Examples of Interjections:

 

Sample Sentences:

    Ouch! That must have hurt.

    Hurray, we won!

    Hey! I said enough!

The bold words attached to the main sentences above are some examples of interjections.

Final Thoughts

You must familiarize yourself with the different parts of speech discussed in this article because they are among the most fundamental concepts that you will encounter throughout your study of grammar. An in-depth knowledge of this topic will not only make you a better writer, but an effective communicator as well.

Bibliography

1). http://partofspeech.org/

2). https://arts.uottawa.ca/writingcentre/en/hypergrammar/the-parts-of-speech

Types Of Business Letters

Letter writing may be considered a dead art, but it's alive and well when it comes to writing business letters. A business’ written correspondence comes in many forms, but they are commonly created with all the text aligned to the left or with slight variations. Business letters are printed on company letterhead, showing your company's complete contact information. Content is arranged from the top, including the date, attention line, inside address, subject line, salutation, body of the letter, complimentary closing and signature. Reference initials, enclosure notation and copy notation are used if necessary.

      1.      Letters of Inquiry

Letters of inquiry are sent by company officials, executives, managers and others conducting company business to request information from outside the company, such as equipment features and pricing, or service offerings.

      2.      Adjustment

Accounting or sales managers may need to notify customers of adjustments to their accounts, bills or lines of credit with a formal letter acknowledging these business transactions.

      3.      Congratulations and Appreciation

Company officials involved in management, outside business units, or community partnerships or sponsorships write letters of congratulations and appreciation for workers, departments and members of the wider community who have reached milestones or deserve formal recognition.

      4.      Business Invitations

Business invitations to events such as conventions, exhibitions, fundraising dinners or other important events are written as business letters.

      5.      Business Announcements

Business announcements of important activities such as opening a new line of business, hiring a new company president or CEO, or going public are drafted as business letters to notify community leaders, business partners and others.

      6.      Order Acknowledgements

Sales managers or business development managers may send formal business letters to acknowledge large or special orders, especially for key accounts that require special attention.

      7.      Letters of Credit

Accounting managers and chief financial officers notify customers that credit lines have been established, authorized or extended with letters of credit that represent a legal financial agreement.

      8.      Collection Letters

Accounting managers, collections managers and account representatives notify customers who are late paying invoices with payment reminders as well as impending collection activity with collection letters.

      9.      Shareholder Updates

Company officials tell shareholders about quarterly and annual profits, losses and other business, financial and organizational information through formal letters.

      10.  Letters of Condolence and Sympathy

Companies send formal letters of condolence and sympathy to good customers, local community organizations, government officials, suppliers, vendors, and others when a death or tragedy occurs.

References

1). 300+ Successful Business Letters for All Occasions; Alan Bond and Nancy Schuman

Bibliography

1). http://woman.thenest.com/10-types-business-letters-11020.html